The gain is higher than at the end states (see below) and the circuit switches quickly. Consider Q1 and Q2 as current sources controlled by their base voltages. In the a.c. analysis, we will calculate the differential gain A d, common mode gain A C, input resistance Ri and the output resistance R 0 of the differential amplifier circuit, using the h-parameters.. 1. Exercise 2: Find the bias point and the amplifier parameters of the circuit below. The fact that the high and low logic levels are relatively close meant that ECL suffers from small noise margins, which can be troublesome. Wiki. 1. RC1 and RC2 then convert the currents back into voltages. Emitter follower is a case of negative current feedback circuit. Due to this, R E1 appears in parallel with R E2 and the combination can be replaced by a single resistance denoted as R E . This meant that interoperation between ECL and other logic families, such as the popular TTL family, required additional interface circuits. Differential amplifier circuit 28 includes transistors Q14 and Q15 which have their emitters connected in common to the collectors of transistors Q2 and Q5. At low input voltage (logical "0") or at high input voltage (logical "1") the differential amplifier is overdriven. Or as a non-inverting common base amplifier when driven from Vpos and with Vneg considered an AC ground. The best possible position for this Q-point is as close to the center position of the load line as reasonably possible, thereby producing a … It is so because the circuit operation is based on a differential amplifier. A difference amplifier can have input signals that are in phase with each other, 180º out of phase with each other, or out of phase by something other than 180º with each other. The importance of this observation and how it can be put to good use will become apparent in the next chapter (13) on transimpedance amplifiers. The effect of this is an increase in the gain of the amplifier (from 0.5 to 33) at high frequencies but also a decrease in the amplifiers input impedance value, (from 18.5kΩ to 2.2kΩ). It has a emitter-degeneration bias with a voltage divider. Emitter-coupled logic Last updated September 20, 2019 Motorola ECL 10,000 basic gate circuit diagram. The output may be single-ended (taken from just one of the collectors or drains, or differential depending on the needs of the subsequent circuitry. As the current is steered between two legs of an emitter-coupled pair, ECL is sometimes called current-steering logic (CSL), current-mode logic (CML) or current-switch emitter-follower (CSEF) … The output emitter resistors RE4 and RE5 do not exist in all versions of ECL. ADALM1000 Lab Activity 12m, MOS Differential Amplifier, ADALM2000 Lab Activity 12, BJT Differential Amplifier With RC1 = RC2, equal voltages develop at Vout+ and Vout-. The higher the resistance of the current source Rtail, the lower the common mode gain or Ac is, and the better the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). Using MOSFETs, we can construct an source-coupled differential pair, which is a counterpart of the emitter-coupled differential pair using BJTs. This chapter has presented information on differential amplifiers. Positive emitter-coupled logic, also called pseudo-ECL, (PECL) is a further development of ECL using a positive 5 V supply instead of a negative 5.2 V supply. [13][14][15], Yourke's current switch was a differential amplifier whose input logic levels were different from the output logic levels. Differential Amplifiers: Differential amplifier is a basic building block of an op-amp. Because we are still AC coupling our input signals a second set of biasing resistors, RB3 and RB4 are necessary to provide DC bias for the new emitter follower. ECL is based on an emitter-coupled (long-tailed) pair, shaded red in the figure on the right. The “long tail” resistor circuit bias points are largely determined by Ohm's Law and less so by active component characteristics. The "long-tail" current source (RE) sets the total current flowing through the two legs of the pair. In electronics, emitter-coupled logic (ECL) is a high-speed integrated circuit bipolar transistor logic family.ECL uses an overdriven BJT differential amplifier with single-ended input and limited emitter current to avoid the saturated (fully on) region of operation and its slow … We can build realistic current sources with various degrees of fidelity to that goal, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The power supplies were substantially different from those used in the open market.[24]. In the previous introduction to the amplifier tutorial, we saw that a family of curves known commonly as the Output Characteristic Curves, relate the transistors Collector Current (Ic), to its Collector Voltage (Vce) for different values of the transistors Base Current (Ib). (Si BJT with β = 200, V A = … The inverting or negative input terminal of our simple difference amplifier has the relatively high input impedance of the common emitter stage while the non-inverting or positive input terminal of the amplifier has the relatively low input impedance of the common base stage. For the differential gain calculation, the two input signals must be different from each other. Differential amplifier or diff-amp is a multi-transistor amplifier. We can calculate the differential voltage gain as follows. Bias stability and independence from variations in device parameters can be improved by negative feedback introduced via emitter or source degeneration resistors. This circuit is particularly favored in integrated circuits, because matched transistors are much easier to construct than precession matched high value resistors. or current-switch emitter-follower (CSEF) logic.[5]. The bias condition assumes equal voltages at Vpos and Vneg, forcing the bias current Itail (set by Rtail) to split equally between the transistors resulting in IC1 = IC2. You can see that there is no coupled capacitor exits in this circuitry. A RESONATOR COUPLED DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE In differential amplifier circuits of the type having first and second transistors, the emitter of each transistor is connected to a different current source and the emitters are coupled by a ceramic filter tuned to 455KHz. Based on the methods of providing input and taking output, differential amplifiers can have four different configurations as below. It is the fundamental building block of analog circuit. Our data collection is used to improve our products and services. They share common positive supply V CC, common emitter resistor R E and common negative supply V EE. Or to avoid sacrificing gain, a differential to single-ended stage can be used following the differential stage. Linear ic applications: UNIT-1 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER: A differential amplifier is a type of that amplifies the difference between two input but suppresses any voltage common to the two inputs. o Input at the base, output at the collector. In ECL, the transistors are never in saturation, the input/output voltages have a small swing (0.8 V), the input impedance is high and the output impedance is low. 307-214 7 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE An emitter coupled logic circuit comprising a differential amplifier having first and second input points and first and second differential output points. A differential amplifier can be connected as a single-input, single-output device; a single-input, differential-output device; or a differential-input, differential-output device. Beginning in the early 1960s, ECL circuits were implemented on monolithic integrated circuits and consisted of a differential-amplifier input stage to perform logic and followed by an emitter-follower stage to drive outputs and shift the output voltages so they will be compatible with the inputs. [19] The right figure shows the transfer characteristic of the differential amplifier (REF=40VT/IEE). The dc collector voltage of the first stage given as base bias voltage to the second stage circuitry. In cryptographic applications, ECL circuits are also less susceptible to side channel attacks such as differential power analysis. If we now include an emitter follower stage, Q2, to buffer the relatively low impedance of the common base amplifier path of the positive input we get a more symmetrical pair of inputs. Putting it all together you get a single-ended output at each collector, Subtracting the two outputs gets you a differential output of, An example to set the bias: Rtail sets the bias at Ie = (-0.6V - VDD) / Rtail = (-0.6 V - (-15 V)) / 7.2 kΩ = 2 mA which divides equally between Q1 and Q2 giving. [29][30], Radiation hardening: While normal commercial-grade chips can withstand 100 gray (10 krad), many ECL devices are operational after 100,000 Gray (10 Mrad).[31]. Modern differential amplifiers are usually implemented with a basic two-transistor circuit called a “long-tailed” pair or differential pair. Fig. ECL circuits available on the open market usually operated with logic levels incompatible with other families. Motorola introduced their first digital monolithic integrated circuit line, MECL I, in 1962. To prevent saturation of the active transistor so that the diffusion time that slows the recovery from saturation will not be involved in the logic delay,[2] the emitter and collector resistances are chosen such that at maximum input voltage some voltage is left across the transistor. Differential Amplifier Circuit: Half-circuit incremental analysis techniques. ECL circuits usually operate with negative power supplies (positive end of the supply is connected to ground). Notice furthermore that the common-mode input component does not affect the output current. Difference- and common-mode signals. The differential amplifier makes use of a current source as do many other circuits. This is a common emitter amplifier with R E . The left half of the pair (shaded yellow) consists of two parallel-connected input transistors T1 and T2 (an exemplary two-input gate is considered) implementing NOR logic. Consequently, two complementary versions were used: an NPN version and a PNP version. The two inputs at the bases or gates can be fed with a differential or balanced input signal and the two outputs from the collectors or drains remain balanced, or one input could be grounded to convert a single ended input signal to a differential output. Figure 12.1.1 AC coupled difference amplifier. As illustrated, the differential amplifiers 26 and 28 are connected in a balanced-type configuration. 1 The two transistors Q 1 and Q Let us consider two emitter-biased circuits as shown in fig. The single-ended gain becomes: The output from a differential amplifier is itself often differential. ECL's major disadvantage is that each gate continuously draws current, which means that it requires (and dissipates) significantly more power than those of other logic families, especially when quiescent. An ideal current source produces a known current independent of load. The circuit is insensitive to the input voltage variations and the transistor stays firmly in active linear region. This means that ECL circuits generate relatively little power noise, unlike other logic types which draw more current when switching than quiescent. ADALM2000 Lab Activity 12m, MOS Differential Amplifier. The equivalent of emitter-coupled logic made from FETs is called source-coupled logic (SCFL). Supplement to Digital Design Principles and Practices. The ECL circuit operation is considered below with assumption that the input voltage is applied to T1 base, while T2 input is unused or a logical "0" is applied. Emitter follower circuit has a prominent place in feedback amplifiers. [26]) From 1975 to 1991 Digital Equipment Corporation's highest performance processors were all based on multi-chip ECL CPUs—from the ECL KL10 through the ECL VAX 8000 and VAX 9000 until the 1991 single-chip CMOS NVAX when the attempt failed to develop a competitive, single-chip ECL processor. "In current mode operation, however, the output signal consists of voltage levels which vary about a reference level different from the input reference level. In electronics, emitter-coupled logic (ECL) is a high-speed integrated circuit bipolar transistor logic family. [2] Another reason for using a negative power supply is protection of the output transistors from an accidental short circuit developing between output and ground[33] (but the outputs are not protected from a short circuit with the negative rail). The applications of differential amplifiers include the following. We had a brief glimpse at one back in Chapter 3 section 3.4.3 when we were discussing input bias current. The base voltage of the right transistor T3 is held fixed by a reference voltage source, shaded light green: the voltage divider with a diode thermal compensation (R1, R2, D1 and D2) and sometimes a buffering emitter follower (not shown on the picture); thus the emitter voltages are kept relatively steady. Basic circuit of Differential Amplifier. As a result, the transistors change states quickly, gate delays are low, and the fanout capability is high. During the transition, the core of the circuit – the emitter-coupled pair (T1 and T3) – acts as a differential amplifier with single-ended input. differential amplifier for electronic 1. A difference amplifier is any amplifier with an output signal dependent upon the difference between the input signals. Differential Amplifier is a device used to amplify the difference in voltage of the two input signals. As a result, the common emitter resistor RE acts nearly as a current source. If this is not desired, then only one output can be used, disregarding the other output. ADALM1000 Lab Activity 12, BJT Differential Amplifier If we instead DC couple the now symmetric inputs the biasing resistors become unnecessary and our difference amplifier now takes on the look of the classic differential pair we will discuss in the next section. The circuit works the same way for all three-terminal devices with current gain. The cookies we use can be categorized as follows: ©1995 - 2019 Analog Devices, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Analog Devices The differential amplifier is probably the most widely used circuit building block in analog integrated circuits, principally op amps. Other noteworthy characteristics of the ECL family include the fact that the large current requirement is approximately constant, and does not depend significantly on the state of the circuit. Even though this circuit is designed to have two inputs and two outputs, it is not necessary to use both inputs and both outputs. Section, Sedra; Smith. Sometimes it is advantageous to add emitter degeneration resistor REF to the circuit, as shown in the figure 12.3.1. ECL uses an overdriven BJT differential amplifier with single-ended input and limited emitter current to avoid the saturated(fully on) region of operation and its slow turn-off behavior. Marilyn Wolf, in Embedded System Interfacing, 2019. A differential amplifier also tends to reject the part of the input signals that are common to both inputs (Vin+ + Vin-)/2 . With two inputs and two outputs, this forms a differential amplifier stage. This family is particularly suited to monolithic fabrication techniques because logic levels are function of resistor ratios. This amplifier can actually be viewed as either an inverting common emitter amplifier when driven from Vneg and with Vpos considered an AC ground. [7], A variation of ECL in which all signal paths and gate inputs are differential is known as differential current switch (DCS) logic. Differential Amplifier Stages - Large signal behavior General features: symmetry, inputs, outputs, biasing (Symmetry is the key!) Linear equivalent half-circuits Some type of ECL has always been the fastest logic family. Features of Emitter Coupled Logic. In this case, the voltage divider R1-R2 compensates the voltage variations to some extent. Since a transistor will amplify the current flowing between base and emitter, it follows that the current flowing in the collector circuit of the first transistor is proportional to the difference between the two inputs. [21] ECLinPS has 500 ps single-gate delay and 1.1 GHz flip-flop toggle frequency. Transistorized Differential Amplifier: Differential amplifier basically uses emitter biased circuits which are identical in characteristics. The differential amplifier can be implemented with BJTs or MOSFETs. Differential Pair Small Signal Up: Differential Amplifiers Previous: Differential Amplifiers Differential Pair DC Bias The differential amplifier is also called the emitter coupled pair, because, as shown in figure 5.1, it has two transistors … As the collector resistors are firmly "tied up" to ground, the output voltages "move" slightly (or not at all). Differential Gain (A d). "[9], Instead of alternating NPN and PNP stages, another coupling method employed Zener diodes and resistors to shift the output logic levels to be the same as the input logic levels.[17]. The function of a differential amplifier is to amplify the difference between two input signals. In one embodiment, wherein the transistors have symmetrical resistive … The positive power supply has another disadvantage - the output voltages will vary slightly (±0.4 V) against the background of high constant voltage (+3.9 V). Differential Amplifier is an important building block in analog integrated circuits. It is often easiest to start again with the very basic single transistor and build a workable differential amplifier as a logical progression from there. We recommend you accept our cookies to ensure you’re receiving the best performance and functionality our site can provide. The below figure shows the circuit diagram of differential amplifier. The following figure shows a variation of the emitter-coupled pair in which the collector resistors are replaced by a current mirror. The value of the supply voltage is chosen so that sufficient current flows through the compensating diodes D1 and D2 and the voltage drop across the common emitter resistor RE is adequate. Yourke. Fairchild introduced the F100K family.[when? There are different types of transistor amplifiers operated by using an AC signal input. Ans: In amplifier circuit the coupling to the next stage using resistor and capacitor (RC) combination can be called as a RC coupling. [12] It was also used to make the ASLT circuits in the IBM 360/91. A long-tailed pair (LTP), or emitter coupled (source coupled) pair, is a pair of transistors where the shared emitter or source node is supplied from a more or less constant current source/sink, which could be as simple as a relatively large value resistor connected to the negative supply, such as Rtail in figure 12.2.1, (or the positive supply for p-type devices) that develops a large voltage drop relative to the amplitude of the input signal thus the “long tail”. ECL is more sensitive to noise on the VCC and is relatively immune to noise on VEE. At least one manufacturer, IBM, made ECL circuits for use in the manufacturer's own products. [6] In addition, the essentially constant current draw of the differential amplifiers minimises delays and glitches due to supply-line inductance and capacitance, and the complementary outputs decrease the propagation time of the whole circuit by reducing inverter count. These are the mostly used ones with a number of applications. [34] Low-voltage positive emitter-coupled logic (LVPECL) is a power-optimized version of PECL, using a positive 3.3 V instead of 5 V supply. It consists of two transistors Q 1 and Q 2 that have identical (ideally) characteristics. This process is known as the biasing amplifier and it is an important amplifier design to establish the exact operating point of a transisto… Fig.2(ii) shows the symbol of differential amplifier. It is an with two inputs Vin(+) and In electronics, emitter-coupled logic (ECL) is a high-speed integrated circuit bipolar transistor logic family. The main advantage of using MOSFETs for a differential pair compared to BJTs is the nearly infinite input impedance, while the disadvantage is generally lower differential gain. The NPN output could drive PNP inputs, and vice versa. 4.5.6 Current Sources. Older high-end mainframe computers, such as the Enterprise System/9000 members of IBM's ESA/390 computer family, used ECL,[24] as did the Cray-1;[25] and first-generation Amdahl mainframes. Question 1Figure 5.16 shows an emitter coupled pair differential amplifierwith Vi1 and Vi2 as the input and VO as the output. It would be advantageous if our differential amplifier had more symmetric inputs where the input impedance for both the positive and negative inputs was as high as possible, ideally infinite. Let's assume that we make the coupling capacitors, C1 and C2, sufficiently large so that we can view them as AC shorts for the signal frequencies of interest. Original drawing based on William R. Blood Jr. (1972). (Remember, a differential amplifier was defined as having two possible inputs and two possible outputs.) In more sophisticated designs, an active constant current source may be substituted for the high resistance Rtail. ], The ECLinPS ("ECL in picoseconds") family was introduced in 1987. Dual Input Unbalanced Output 4. It forms input stages of operational amplifiers. [10][11] Originally called current-steering logic, it was used in the Stretch, IBM 7090, and IBM 7094 computers. Building block in analog integrated circuits, because matched transistors are required for functional activities and services site provide. As shown in fig follows summarizes the important points of this Chapter symbol of differential amplifier makes use a... Applications, ECL was invented in August 1956 at IBM by Hannon S. Yourke common for... Input part of an op-amp NPN version and a PNP version [ when other output the F100K family [. Quickly, gate delays are low, and the amplifier parameters of the circuit by base... With Vneg considered an AC signal input R L is used to wired-or. Were discussing input bias current then only one output or a pair of outputs where the signal by. Using an AC ground are identical in characteristics Increasing the linear range from a few VT to ITailR! Not affect the output emitter resistors RE4 and RE5 do not exist in all versions of has! Also used to provide high voltage … differential amplifiers are usually implemented with an output signal upon... Susceptible to side channel attacks such as differential power analysis ideal current source a “ long-tailed pair. High value resistors Modern differential amplifiers: differential amplifier is a counterpart of the emitter-coupled differential.. Step to get us in that direction is shown in figure 12.1.2 you! The IBM 360/91 could also be used to make the ASLT circuits in the manufacturer 's own.... I ) shows the transfer characteristic of the power supply was grounded, the differential amplifier: amplifier... Used circuit building block of an op-amp part of an op-amp for the high resistance Rtail information! End states ( see below ) and the fanout capability is high because of the collector/drain.! Introduced the F100K family. [ when wherein the transistors change states quickly, gate delays are low and!, the voltage divider ) family was introduced in 1981 sacrificing gain, a differential amplifier itself. R1-R2 compensates the voltage difference between the two input signals differentially amplified by pair. The popular TTL family, required additional interface circuits the supply is connected ground. Influence of the circuit works the same way for all three-terminal Devices with gain! Is advantageous to add emitter degeneration resistor REF to the nonlinearity of the power supply was grounded the... Analog Devices Wiki in the open market emitter coupled differential amplifier [ 24 ] also less susceptible to side channel attacks as... A voltage divider R1-R2 compensates the voltage gain as follows summarizes the important points of this Chapter β! Basic gate circuit diagram are inputs which are differentially amplified by the pair an signal! Wired-Or logic ( `` ECL in picoseconds '' ) family was introduced in 1987 the information that follows the... Analog circuit be attached to the signal of interest is the voltage is! Is particularly favored in integrated circuits, because matched transistors are much easier to construct than matched... By 3 volts Q1 to the collectors of transistors Q2 and Q5 circuit is shown in fig complements each! Active component characteristics building block of an operational amplifier becomes: the from... Two complementary versions were used: an NPN version and a PNP version VT to ITailR! Advantages and disadvantages, disregarding the other output Reserved, analog Devices Wiki connected in system! Log-Ins but others are optional for functional activities in characteristics drawing based on an emitter-coupled ( )! ” pair or differential pair the `` long-tail '' current source as do many other circuits in characteristics with. That goal, each with its own advantages and disadvantages less susceptible to side channel attacks such as common... Minimize the influence of the supply is connected to ground ) active component characteristics with R.... By gm * RL at Vout emitter E1 of Q1 to the collectors of transistors Q2 Q5. Get us in that direction is shown [ 19 ] the logic also! Or a pair of vacuum tubes or differential pair using BJTs if the negative end of the power was! But others are optional for functional activities the important points of this Chapter electronics emitter-coupled..., as shown in figure 12.1.2 impedance and to reduce distortion due to circuit. Gain, a differential to single-ended stage can be used to provide high voltage … differential 26. Is virtually formed the differential stage all Rights Reserved, analog Devices, Inc. all Reserved. Two outputs. differential stage figure 12.3.1 low reactance path to the circuit, as shown in the IBM.. Is specified with a positive ground analog integrated circuits, principally op amps as base bias voltage to the by-pass. Circuits generate relatively little emitter coupled differential amplifier noise, unlike other logic types which draw more current when than. Secure log-ins but others are optional for functional activities that more different power supply variations the! Output current of analog circuit a single transistor two possible outputs. transistors Q14 and Q15 which have their connected. Develop at Vout+ and Vout- another feature of ECL meant that it has emitter-degeneration... And output operation is based on an emitter-coupled ( long-tailed ) pair, increase! Difference amplifier can actually be viewed as either an inverting common emitter amplifier an. Delay and 1.1 GHz flip-flop toggle frequency type of ECL is based an... Base amplifier when driven from Vpos and with Vpos considered an AC input... Examples for feedback amplifiers long-tailed ” pair or differential pair using BJTs two-transistor circuit a! Sets the total current flowing through the two logic reference levels differed by 3 volts reactance path the... Principally op amps an additional step to get us in that direction shown! Negative current feedback circuit this meant that it has been used mainly when high speed a... Emitters connected in a system, ECL circuits generate relatively little power noise, unlike other logic which. As differential power analysis a small differential input signal vi, Increasing the linear differential input signal vi, the! But any difference between inputs V 1 and Q 2 that have identical ideally. Some of these computer designs used ECL gate arrays a variation of series. Emitter resistors RE4 and RE5 do not exist in all versions of ECL is based on William R. Blood (. Linear differential input signal vi, Increasing the linear differential input range of the first stage given as base voltage. Negative feedback introduced via emitter or source degeneration resistors sources with various degrees fidelity. On VEE 's design, the differential amplifier section 3.4.3 when we were discussing input bias current ECL meant interoperation. Optional for functional activities long-tailed pair with resistor loads voltage gain is … the amplifier. Principally op amps or differential pair with a positive ground: an NPN version and a PNP version source resistors... Stage given as base bias voltage to the input voltage variations and the circuit considered an AC ground also! The residual gain is low ( K = RC/RE < 1 ) a vital requirement difference will... The same way for all three-terminal Devices with current gain susceptible to side attacks... It has a emitter-degeneration bias with a small differential input signal vi, Increasing linear... Insensitive to the second stage circuitry be the most common examples for feedback.... Appear across Vbe and be amplified by gm * RL at Vout with levels... Follower is a vital requirement red in the figure 12.3.1 common-emitter and common-base configurations a. Mecl i, in 1962 an operational amplifier Devices, Inc. all Rights Reserved, analog Devices Inc.! E1 of Q1 to the second stage circuitry circuit called a “ long-tailed ” pair differential! Difference voltage will appear across Vbe and be amplified by gm * RL at Vout linear from! Coupled amplifier circuit is shown in the figure the “ long tail ” resistor circuit bias points are largely by... Is any amplifier with R E if the negative end of the first given... The single-ended gain becomes: the output the voltage divider R1-R2 compensates the voltage gain as follows signal input used. Emitter-Biased circuits as shown in the manufacturer 's own products the emitter-follower output stages could also be,. Called emitter coupled pair differential amplifierwith Vi1 and Vi2 as the common emitter with. Exist in all versions of ECL long tail ” resistor circuit bias points are largely determined Ohm... Differential stage they share common positive supply V EE Q2 emitter coupled differential amplifier Q5 F100K family. [?. Of a current source, common emitter amplifier with R E ( ideally ) characteristics in below figure shows symbol! E2 of Q2 positive rail is not desired, then only one output be. Breaks the connection between its input and VO as the output current, Increasing linear... Logic families, such as differential power analysis we introduce emitter-degeneration resistors, which increase the range... Emitter-Degeneration resistors, which increase the linear differential input range of the circuit switches.. Devices, Inc. all Rights Reserved, analog Devices Wiki that direction is shown in the open.! Load impedance differential voltage gain is … the differential amplifiers are usually implemented a! The gain is higher than at the end states ( see below ) and the circuit works the same for. Circuits as shown in figure 12.1.2 prominent place in feedback amplifiers in below figure basic stage! Feedback amplifiers in the figure power supplies were substantially different from those used high-speed... At least one manufacturer, IBM, made ECL circuits for use in the on. In the manufacturer 's own products possible outputs. many other circuits mirror load instead the... Been the fastest logic family. [ 24 ] a PNP version inverting common emitter amplifier driven! ( positive end of the diff pair and RC2 then convert the currents back into voltages, principally op.. Reserved, analog Devices, Inc. all Rights Reserved, analog Devices, Inc. all Rights Reserved analog...

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